Which act prohibits discrimination in the extension of consumer credit

Table of Contents

What are three categories under ECOA on which creditors may not base credit decisions?

Except as otherwise permitted or required by law, a creditor shall not consider race, color, religion, national origin, or sex (or an applicant’s or other person’s decision not to provide the information) in any aspect of a credit transaction.

What are the categories under ECOA?

This Act (Title VII of the Consumer Credit Protection Act) prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, receipt of public assistance, or good faith exercise of any rights under the Consumer Credit Protection Act.

Under which a creditor may not discriminate in granting credit?

Discriminatory Credit Practices Defined

ECOA prohibits discrimination in any aspect of a credit transaction. It applies to any extension of credit, including extensions of credit to small businesses, corporations, partnerships, and trusts.

Does ECOA apply to all creditors?

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), which is implemented by Regulation B, applies to all creditors. When originally enacted, ECOA gave the Federal Reserve Board responsibility for prescribing the implementing regulation.

Which of the following is not true concerning ecoa?

Which of the following is not true concerning ECOA? The answer is it requires the disclosure of the APR on all advertisements which contain an interest rate.

Fair Housing 2021: What Counselors Need to Know: Credit and Lending Discrimination Under ECOA/FHA

27 related questions found

What categories under ECOA on which creditors may not base credit decisions?

The Federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age (provided the applicant has the capacity to enter into a binding contract); because all or part of the applicant’s income derives .

What are the three types of fair lending discrimination?

The courts have recognized three methods of proof of lending discrimination under the ECOA and the FHAct: Overt evidence of disparate treatment; • Comparative evidence of disparate treatment; and • Evidence of disparate impact.

What may a lender not ask a borrower about under the ECOA Equal Credit Opportunity Act?

When an applicant applies for individual credit, the bank may not ask the applicant’s marital status. There are two exceptions to this rule: If the credit transaction is to be secured, the bank may ask the applicant’s marital status.

What three types of information do creditors use to determine a prospective borrower’s creditworthiness?

What three types of information do creditors use to determine a prospective​ borrower’s creditworthiness? Creditors use credit​ history, income, and amount of current debt.

What is required on an adverse action notice?

This final adverse action notice must include the name, phone number, and address of the CRA that completed the report, language around the fact that candidates have the right to dispute the accuracy of results and can obtain an additional free report within 60 days, and confirmation that the CRA did not make the .

What are the only three reasons a creditor may deny credit?

What are the only three reasons a creditor may deny credit?

  • Credit report showing past records of an individual where there is a poor performance of making payments.
  • Credit report showing that an individual has a low source of income.
  • Credit report showing that the individual’s accumulated debts in the present.

What is an example of an ECOA violation?

Imposing unfair terms or conditions on a loan (such as lower loan amount or higher interest rates) based on personal characteristics protected under the ECOA. Asking detailed personal information regarding marital status, such as whether you are widowed or divorced.

Which of the following is not an impact of credit decisions?

Poor credit decisions can have a significant impact on various aspects of a person’s financial life. However, they do not directly affect jobs. While poor credit may make it more difficult to get hired for certain positions, it does not directly determine employment status.

What is the ECOA credit decision?

prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, because an applicant receives income from a public assistance program, or because an applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the Consumer Credit Protection .

Which of the following are protected classes under fhact and ECOA?

Under the Fair Housing Act, they defined a protected class as a number of things and this includes race or color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, which includes children under 18 living at home, and handicap.

What are the 3 C’s of credit collateral?

Character, capital (or collateral), and capacity make up the three C’s of credit. Credit history, sufficient finances for repayment, and collateral are all factors in establishing credit.

What are 3 types of accounts you might find in a typical credit report?

There are three types of accounts that commonly appear in credit reports: installment, revolving and collection accounts. The installment and revolving accounts can include different types of loans and cards, and they may help or hurt your credit scores. Collection accounts will never help your credit.

What are the rules of ECOA?

The regulation covers topics such as:

  • Discrimination.
  • Discouragement.
  • Notification of action taken (including adverse action)
  • Appraisal and other written valuations.
  • Special purpose credit programs.
  • Limitation on collection of certain protected information.
  • Self-testing and self-correction.
  • Evaluation of applications.

What are the three main fair lending regulations?

What are the Main Fair Lending Laws & Regulations?

  • Fair Housing Act. There was an old woman who lived in a shoe. .
  • Equal Credit Opportunities Act. .
  • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act.

What types of loans does ECOA cover?

ECOA applies to various types of loans including car loans, credit cards, home loans, student loans, and small business loans.

What are two questions you should avoid asking based on ECOA?

Your marital status cannot be used against you when evaluating your credit application. Any questions about your race, ethnicity and gender cannot be used as a reason to approve or deny your credit application.

What is the prohibited basis under ECOA?

This Act (Title VII of the Consumer Credit Protection Act) prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, receipt of public assistance, or good faith exercise of any rights under the Consumer Credit Protection Act.

What are the three main forms of discrimination?

6.1 Direct, indirect, subtle and adverse effect discrimination.

What are the three laws created to stop lending discrimination?

Today, three federal laws offer protection against such discrimination: The Fair Housing Act (FHA)1. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)2. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)3.

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Which act prohibits discrimination in the extension of consumer credit

It shall be unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction—

(1) on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract);

(2) because all or part of the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program; or

(3) because the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under this chapter.

(b) Activities not constituting discrimination

It shall not constitute discrimination for purposes of this subchapter for a creditor—

(1) to make an inquiry of marital status if such inquiry is for the purpose of ascertaining the creditor’s rights and remedies applicable to the particular extension of credit and not to discriminate in a determination of credit-worthiness;

(2) to make an inquiry of the applicant’s age or of whether the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program if such inquiry is for the purpose of determining the amount and probable continuance of income levels, credit history, or other pertinent element of credit-worthiness as provided in regulations of the Bureau;

(3) to use any empirically derived credit system which considers age if such system is demonstrably and statistically sound in accordance with regulations of the Bureau, except that in the operation of such system the age of an elderly applicant may not be assigned a negative factor or value;

(4) to make an inquiry or to consider the age of an elderly applicant when the age of such applicant is to be used by the creditor in the extension of credit in favor of such applicant; or

(5) to make an inquiry under section 1691c–2 of this title , in accordance with the requirements of that section.

(c) Additional activities not constituting discrimination

It is not a violation of this section for a creditor to refuse to extend credit offered pursuant to—

(1) any credit assistance program expressly authorized by law for an economically disadvantaged class of persons;

(2) any credit assistance program administered by a nonprofit organization for its members or an economically disadvantaged class of persons; or

(3) any special purpose credit program offered by a profit-making organization to meet special social needs which meets standards prescribed in regulations by the Bureau;

if such refusal is required by or made pursuant to such program.

(d) Reason for adverse action; procedure applicable; “adverse action” defined

(1) Within thirty days (or such longer reasonable time as specified in regulations of the Bureau for any class of credit transaction) after receipt of a completed application for credit, a creditor shall notify the applicant of its action on the application.

(2) Each applicant against whom adverse action is taken shall be entitled to a statement of reasons for such action from the creditor. A creditor satisfies this obligation by—

(A) providing statements of reasons in writing as a matter of course to applicants against whom adverse action is taken; or

(B) giving written notification of adverse action which discloses (i) the applicant’s right to a statement of reasons within thirty days after receipt by the creditor of a request made within sixty days after such notification, and (ii) the identity of the person or office from which such statement may be obtained. Such statement may be given orally if the written notification advises the applicant of his right to have the statement of reasons confirmed in writing on written request.

(3) A statement of reasons meets the requirements of this section only if it contains the specific reasons for the adverse action taken.

(4) Where a creditor has been requested by a third party to make a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly to an applicant, the notification and statement of reasons required by this subsection may be made directly by such creditor, or indirectly through the third party, provided in either case that the identity of the creditor is disclosed.

(5) The requirements of paragraph (2), (3), or (4) may be satisfied by verbal statements or notifications in the case of any creditor who did not act on more than one hundred and fifty applications during the calendar year preceding the calendar year in which the adverse action is taken, as determined under regulations of the Bureau.

(6) For purposes of this subsection, the term “adverse action” means a denial or revocation of credit, a change in the terms of an existing credit arrangement, or a refusal to grant credit in substantially the amount or on substantially the terms requested. Such term does not include a refusal to extend additional credit under an existing credit arrangement where the applicant is delinquent or otherwise in default, or where such additional credit would exceed a previously established credit limit.

(e) Copies furnished to applicants

(1) In general

Each creditor shall furnish to an applicant a copy of any and all written appraisals and valuations developed in connection with the applicant’s application for a loan that is secured or would have been secured by a first lien on a dwelling promptly upon completion, but in no case later than 3 days prior to the closing of the loan, whether the creditor grants or denies the applicant’s request for credit or the application is incomplete or withdrawn.

(2) Waiver

The applicant may waive the 3 day requirement provided for in paragraph (1), except where otherwise required in law.

(3) Reimbursement

The applicant may be required to pay a reasonable fee to reimburse the creditor for the cost of the appraisal, except where otherwise required in law.

(4) Free copy

Notwithstanding paragraph (3), the creditor shall provide a copy of each written appraisal or valuation at no additional cost to the applicant.

(5) Notification to applicants

At the time of application, the creditor shall notify an applicant in writing of the right to receive a copy of each written appraisal and valuation under this subsection.

(6) Valuation defined

For purposes of this subsection, the term “valuation” shall include any estimate of the value of a dwelling developed in connection with a creditor’s decision to provide credit, including those values developed pursuant to a policy of a government sponsored enterprise or by an automated valuation model, a broker price opinion, or other methodology or mechanism.

title VII, §701, as added

Editorial Notes

Amendments

§1085(1), substituted “Bureau” for “Board” wherever appearing.

§1071(b), added par. (5).

§1474, amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: “Each creditor shall promptly furnish an applicant, upon written request by the applicant made within a reasonable period of time of the application, a copy of the appraisal report used in connection with the applicant’s application for a loan that is or would have been secured by a lien on residential real property. The creditor may require the applicant to reimburse the creditor for the cost of the appraisal.”

1991—Subsec. (e).

1976—Subsec. (a).

designated existing provisions as cl. (1), expanded prohibition against discrimination to include race, color, religion, national origin and age, and added cls. (2) and (3).

designated existing provisions as cl. (1) and added cls. (2) to (4).

added subsecs. (c) and (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

title X, §1071(d), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2059 , provided that: “This section [enacting section 1691c–2 of this title and amending this section] shall become effective on the designated transfer date.”

[The term “designated transfer date” is defined in section 5481(9) of Title 12 , Banks and Banking, as the date established under section 5582 of Title 12 .]

Amendment by section 1085(1) of

effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of

set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5 , Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 1474 of

effective on the date on which final regulations implementing that amendment take effect, or on the date that is 18 months after the designated transfer date if such regulations have not been issued by that date, see section 1400(c) of

set out as a note under section 1601 of this title .

Effective Date

Section 708, formerly §707, of title VII of

§§7, 8, Mar. 23, 1976, 90 Stat. 255 , provided that: “This title [enacting this subchapter and provisions set out as notes under section 1691 of this title ] takes effect upon the expiration of one year after the date of its enactment [Oct. 28, 1974]. The amendments made by the Equal Credit Opportunity Act Amendments of 1976 [enacting section 1691f of this title , amending this section and sections 1691b, 1691c, 1691d, and 1691e of this title , repealing section 1609 of this title , enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, and repealing provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment thereof [Mar. 23, 1976] and shall apply to any violation occurring on or after such date, except that the amendments made to section 701 of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act [this section] shall take effect 12 months after the date of enactment [Mar. 23, 1976].”

Short Title

This subchapter known as the “Equal Credit Opportunity Act”, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of this title .

Congressional Findings and Statement of Purpose

title V, §502, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1521 , provided that: “The Congress finds that there is a need to insure that the various financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extensions of credit exercise their responsibility to make credit available with fairness, impartiality, and without discrimination on the basis of sex or marital status. Economic stabilization would be enhanced and competition among the various financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extension of credit would be strengthened by an absence of discrimination on the basis of sex or marital status, as well as by the informed use of credit which Congress has heretofore sought to promote. It is the purpose of this Act [see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of this title ] to require that financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extension of credit make that credit equally available to all credit-worthy customers without regard to sex or marital status.”

CHAPTER 41 -CONSUMER CREDIT PROTECTION!@!SUBCHAPTER IV-EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY!@!Sec. 1691a –>

§1691a. Definitions; rules of construction

(a) The definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.

(b) The term “applicant” means any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.

(c) The term “Bureau” means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.

(d) The term “credit” means the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debts and defer its payment or to purchase property or services and defer payment therefor.

(e) The term “creditor” means any person who regularly extends, renews, or continues credit; any person who regularly arranges for the extension, renewal, or continuation of credit; or any assignee of an original creditor who participates in the decision to extend, renew, or continue credit.

(f) The term “person” means a natural person, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, trust, estate, partnership, cooperative, or association.

(g) Any reference to any requirement imposed under this subchapter or any provision thereof includes reference to the regulations of the Bureau under this subchapter or the provision thereof in question.

title VII, §702, as added

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (c).

§1085(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: “The term ‘Board’ refers to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.”

§1085(1), substituted “Bureau” for “Board”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of

set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5 , Government Organization and Employees.

CHAPTER 41 -CONSUMER CREDIT PROTECTION!@!SUBCHAPTER IV-EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY!@!Sec. 1691b –>

§1691b. Promulgation of regulations by the Bureau

(a) In general

The Bureau shall prescribe regulations to carry out the purposes of this subchapter. These regulations may contain but are not limited to such classifications, differentiation, or other provision, and may provide for such adjustments and exceptions for any class of transactions, as in the judgment of the Bureau are necessary or proper to effectuate the purposes of this subchapter, to prevent circumvention or evasion thereof, or to facilitate or substantiate compliance therewith.

(b) Exempt transactions

Such regulations may exempt from the provisions of this subchapter any class of transactions that are not primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, or business or commercial loans made available by a financial institution, except that a particular type within a class of such transactions may be exempted if the Bureau determines, after making an express finding that the application of this subchapter or of any provision of this subchapter of such transaction would not contribute substantially to effecting the purposes of this subchapter.

(c) Limitation on exemptions

An exemption granted pursuant to subsection (b) shall be for no longer than five years and shall be extended only if the Bureau makes a subsequent determination, in the manner described by such paragraph, 1 that such exemption remains appropriate.

(d) Maintenance of records

Pursuant to Bureau regulations, entities making business or commercial loans shall maintain such records or other data relating to such loans as may be necessary to evidence compliance with this subsection 2 or enforce any action pursuant to the authority of this chapter. In no event shall such records or data be maintained for a period of less than one year. The Bureau shall promulgate regulations to implement this paragraph 3 in the manner prescribed by chapter 5 of title 5 .

(e) Notice of denial of loan

The Bureau shall provide in regulations that an applicant for a business or commercial loan shall be provided a written notice of such applicant’s right to receive a written statement of the reasons for the denial of such loan.

(f) Board authority

Notwithstanding subsection (a), the Board shall prescribe regulations to carry out the purposes of this subchapter with respect to a person described in section 5519(a) of title 12 . These regulations may contain but are not limited to such classifications, differentiation, or other provision, and may provide for such adjustments and exceptions for any class of transactions, as in the judgment of the Board are necessary or proper to effectuate the purposes of this subchapter, to prevent circumvention or evasion thereof, or to facilitate or substantiate compliance therewith.

(g) Deference

Notwithstanding any power granted to any Federal agency under this subchapter, the deference that a court affords to a Federal agency with respect to a determination made by such agency relating to the meaning or interpretation of any provision of this subchapter that is subject to the jurisdiction of such agency shall be applied as if that agency were the only agency authorized to apply, enforce, interpret, or administer the provisions of this subchapter 4

title VII, §703, as added

Editorial Notes

Amendments

§1085(3)(A), substituted “Promulgation of regulations by the Bureau” for “Regulations” in section catchline.

§1085(1), substituted “Bureau” for “Board” wherever appearing.

§1085(3)(B)–(E), in subsec. (a), struck out “(a)” designation before “(1)”, redesignated subsec. (a) pars. (1) to (5) as subsecs. (a) to (e), respectively, in subsec. (c) substituted “subsection (b)” for “paragraph (2)”, and struck out former subsec. (b), which related to establishment of a Consumer Advisory Council to advise and consult with the Board.

§1085(3)(F), added subsecs. (f) and (g).

1988—Subsec. (a).

amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: “The Board shall prescribe regulations to carry out the purposes of this subchapter. These regulations may contain but are not limited to such classifications, differentiation, or other provision, and may provide for such adjustments and exceptions for any class of transactions, as in the judgment of the Board are necessary or proper to effectuate the purposes of this subchapter, to prevent circumvention or evasion thereof, or to facilitate or substantiate compliance therewith. In particular, such regulations may exempt from one or more of the provisions of this subchapter any class of transactions not primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, if the Board makes an express finding that the application of such provision or provisions would not contribute substantially to carrying out the purposes of this subchapter. Such regulations shall be prescribed as soon as possible after the date of enactment of this Act, but in no event later than the effective date of this Act.”

designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted provisions exempting from regulations of this subchapter any class of transactions not primarily for personal, family, or household purposes to be determined by the Board, and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of

set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5 , Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

effective Mar. 23, 1976, see section 708 of

set out as an Effective Date note under section 1691 of this title .

CHAPTER 41 -CONSUMER CREDIT PROTECTION!@!SUBCHAPTER IV-EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY!@!Sec. 1691c –>

§1691c. Administrative enforcement

(a) Enforcing agencies

Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Protection Financial Protection Act of 2010 1 with 2 the requirements imposed under this subchapter shall be enforced under:

(1) section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [ 12 U.S.C. 1818 ], by the appropriate Federal banking agency, as defined in section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act ( 12 U.S.C. 1813(q) ), with respect to—

(A) national banks, Federal savings associations, and Federal branches and Federal agencies of foreign banks;

(B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System (other than national banks), branches and agencies of foreign banks (other than Federal branches, Federal agencies, and insured State branches of foreign banks), commercial lending companies owned or controlled by foreign banks, and organizations operating under section 25 or 25A of the Federal Reserve Act [ 12 U.S.C. 601 et seq., 611 et seq. ]; and

(C) banks and State savings associations insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other than members of the Federal Reserve System), and insured State branches of foreign banks;

(2) The Federal Credit Union Act [ 12 U.S.C. 1751 et seq. ], by the Administrator of the National Credit Union Administration with respect to any Federal Credit Union.

(3) Subtitle IV of title 49, by the Secretary of Transportation, with respect to all carriers subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board.

(4) Part A of subtitle VII of title 49, by the Secretary of Transportation with respect to any air carrier or foreign air carrier subject to that part.

(5) The Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921 [ 7 U.S.C. 181 et seq. ] (except as provided in section 406 of that Act [ 7 U.S.C. 226, 227 ]), by the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to any activities subject to that Act.

(6) The Farm Credit Act of 1971 [ 12 U.S.C. 2001 et seq. ], by the Farm Credit Administration with respect to any Federal land bank, Federal land bank association, Federal intermediate credit bank, and production credit association;

(7) The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [ 15 U.S.C. 78a et seq. ], by the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to brokers and dealers;

(8) The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 [ 15 U.S.C. 661 et seq. ], by the Small Business Administration, with respect to small business investment companies; and

(9) Subtitle E of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [ 12 U.S.C. 5561 et seq. ], by the Bureau, with respect to any person subject to this subchapter.

The terms used in paragraph (1) that are not defined in this subchapter or otherwise defined in section 3(s) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act ( 12 U.S.C. 1813(s) ) shall have the meaning given to them in section 1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978 ( 12 U.S.C. 3101 ).

(b) Violations of subchapter deemed violations of preexisting statutory requirements; additional agency powers

For the purpose of the exercise by any agency referred to in subsection (a) of its powers under any Act referred to in that subsection, a violation of any requirement imposed under this subchapter shall be deemed to be a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act. In addition to its powers under any provision of law specifically referred to in subsection (a), each of the agencies referred to in that subsection may exercise for the purpose of enforcing compliance with any requirement imposed under this subchapter, any other authority conferred on it by law. The exercise of the authorities of any of the agencies referred to in subsection (a) for the purpose of enforcing compliance with any requirement imposed under this subchapter shall in no way preclude the exercise of such authorities for the purpose of enforcing compliance with any other provision of law not relating to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex or marital status with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction.

(c) Overall enforcement authority of Federal Trade Commission

Except to the extent that enforcement of the requirements imposed under this subchapter is specifically committed to some other Government agency under any of paragraphs (1) through (8) of subsection (a), and subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, the Federal Trade Commission shall be authorized to enforce such requirements. For the purpose of the exercise by the Federal Trade Commission of its functions and powers under the Federal Trade Commission Act ( 15 U.S.C. 41 et seq. ), a violation of any requirement imposed under this subchapter 3 shall be deemed a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act. All of the functions and powers of the Federal Trade Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act are available to the Federal Trade Commission to enforce compliance by any person with the requirements imposed under this subchapter, irrespective of whether that person is engaged in commerce or meets any other jurisdictional tests under the Federal Trade Commission Act, including the power to enforce any rule prescribed by the Bureau under this subchapter in the same manner as if the violation had been a violation of a Federal Trade Commission trade regulation rule.

(d) Rules and regulations by enforcing agencies

The authority of the Bureau to issue regulations under this subchapter does not impair the authority of any other agency designated in this section to make rules respecting its own procedures in enforcing compliance with requirements imposed under this subchapter.

title VII, §704, as added

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    Samantha has a background in computer science and has been writing about emerging technologies for more than a decade. Her focus is on innovations in automotive software, connected cars, and AI-powered navigation systems.

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